Vitamin C Recycling
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Open Access Article
Vitamin C Recycling Regulates Neurite Growth in Neurospheres Differentiated In Vitro
by 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 2 
and 1,3,*
1
Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Center for Advanced Microscopy, CMA BIO BIO, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepción 4030000, Chile
2
School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
3
Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 10 November 2020 / Revised: 9 December 2020 / Accepted: 10 December 2020 / Published: 14 December 2020
Abstract
The reduced form of vitamin C, ascorbic acid (AA), has been related with gene expression and cell differentiation in the cerebral cortex. In neurons, AA is mainly oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid (DHA); however, DHA cannot accumulate intracellularly because it induces metabolic changes and cell death. In this context, it has been proposed that vitamin C recycling via neuron–astrocyte coupling maintains AA levels and prevents DHA parenchymal accumulation. To date, the role of this mechanism during the outgrowth of neurites is unknown. To stimulate neuronal differentiation, adhered neurospheres treated with AA and retinoic acid (RA) were used. Neuritic growth was analyzed by confocal microscopy, and the effect of vitamin C recycling (bystander effect) in vitro was studied using different cells. AA stimulates neuritic growth more efficiently than RA. However, AA is oxidized to DHA in long incubation periods, generating a loss in the formation of neurites. Surprisingly, neurite growth is maintained over time following co-incubation of neurospheres with cells that efficiently capture DHA. In this sense, astrocytes have high capacity to recycle DHA and stimulate the maintenance of neurites. We demonstrated that vitamin C recycling in vitro regulates the morphology of immature neurons during the differentiation and maturation processes. View Full-Text
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MDPI and ACS Style
Espinoza, F.; Magdalena, R.; Saldivia, N.; Jara, N.; Martínez, F.; Ferrada, L.; Salazar, K.; Ávila, F.; Nualart, F. Vitamin C Recycling Regulates Neurite Growth in Neurospheres Differentiated In Vitro. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 1276. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9121276
AMA Style
Espinoza F, Magdalena R, Saldivia N, Jara N, Martínez F, Ferrada L, Salazar K, Ávila F, Nualart F. Vitamin C Recycling Regulates Neurite Growth in Neurospheres Differentiated In Vitro. Antioxidants. 2020; 9(12):1276. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9121276
Chicago/Turabian Style
Espinoza, Francisca, Rocío Magdalena, Natalia Saldivia, Nery Jara, Fernando Martínez, Luciano Ferrada, Katterine Salazar, Felipe Ávila, and Francisco Nualart. 2020. "Vitamin C Recycling Regulates Neurite Growth in Neurospheres Differentiated In Vitro" Antioxidants 9, no. 12: 1276. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9121276
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Source: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/9/12/1276
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